Complementary process to response bias in the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus     

Minamimoto T  Hori Y  Kimura M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5729):1798-1801

Activity in several areas of the human brain and the monkey brain increases when a subject anticipates events associated with a reward, implicating a role for bias of decision and action. However, in real life, events do not always appear as expected, and we must choose an undesirable action. More than half of the neurons in the monkey centromedian (CM) thalamus were selectively activated when a small-reward action was required but a large-reward option was anticipated. Electrical stimulation of the CM after a large-reward action request substituted a brisk performance with a sluggish performance. These results suggest involvement of the CM in a mechanism complementary to decision and action bias.  相似文献   

Accumulation of lipofuscin in broiler chicken with wooden breast     

Yasuhiro Hasegawa  Takeshi Kawasaki  Naoyuki Maeda  Michi Yamada  Naoki Takahashi  Takafumi Watanabe  Tomohito Iwasaki 《Animal Science Journal》2021,92(1):e13517

Lipofuscin is one of the indicators of oxidative stress. To elucidate the role of oxidative stress in the development of wooden breast, this study investigates lipofuscin accumulation in various parts of wooden breast muscles. Sampling was performed using 46-day-old broiler chickens housed at a commercial Japanese poultry slaughterhouse. Fourteen wooden breast fillets and 13 normal breast fillets were collected in the deboning line. The samples used to measure shear force, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and for histological analysis were taken from the six portions of breast muscle fillets. In muscles affected by wooden breast, vacuolated muscle fibers were observed, and connective tissues appearing like perimysium were expanded with fibrosis. TBARS value and accumulation of lipofuscin were significantly higher in the wooden breast than in the normal breasts. A lot of lipofuscin granules were localized in the cytoplasm of collapsed muscle fibers of the wooden breast. The cranial portion of the wooden breast showed the highest shear force. The cranial position had a large amount of connective tissue and lipofuscin granules. The results of the present study strongly suggest that high oxidative stress, especially with a significant accumulation of lipofuscin, is associated with the development of wooden breasts.  相似文献   

Effects of low and high levels of maternal nutrition consumed for the entirety of gestation on the development of muscle,adipose tissue,bone, and the organs of Wagyu cattle fetuses     

Yi Zhang  Kounosuke Otomaru  Kazunaga Oshima  Yuji Goto  Ichiro Oshima  Susumu Muroya  Mitsue Sano  Rena Saneshima  Yukiko Nagao  Aoi Kinoshita  Yasuko Okamura  Sanggun Roh  Akira Ohtsuka  Takafumi Gotoh 《Animal Science Journal》2021,92(1):e13600

This study aimed to investigate the effects of high and low levels of energy intake during the entire gestation period on the skeletal muscle development, organ development, and adipose tissue accumulation in fetuses of Wagyu (Japanese Black) cows, a breed with highly marbled beef. Cows were allocated to a high-nutrition (n = 6) group (fed 120% of the nutritional requirement) or low-nutrition (n = 6) group (fed 60% of the nutritional requirement). The cows were artificially inseminated with semen from the same sire, and the fetuses were removed by cesarean section at 260 ± 8.3 days of fetal age and slaughtered. The whole-body, total muscle, adipose, and bone masses of the fetal half-carcasses were significantly higher in the high-nutrition group than the low-nutrition group (p = 0.0018, 0.009, 0.0004, and 0.0362, respectively). Fifteen of 20 individual muscles, five of six fat depots, nine of 17 organs, and seven of 12 bones that were investigated had significantly higher masses in the high-nutrition group than the low-nutrition group. The crude components and amino acid composition of the longissimus muscle significantly differed between the low- and high-nutrition groups. These data indicate that maternal nutrition during gestation has a marked effect on the muscle, bone, and adipose tissue development of Wagyu cattle fetuses.  相似文献   

Estimation of the marbling development pattern in Japanese Black cattle by using serial ultrasound measurement data     

Tadaaki Tokunaga  Fortune N. Jomane  Shintarou Mandai  Takafumi Ishida  Hiroyuki Hirooka 《Animal Science Journal》2021,92(1):e13533

The objective of this study was to develop mathematical equations for describing the change in marbling in Japanese Black steers using longitudinal measurements. Serial ultrasound measurements were taken at 14, 16, 20, and 26 months of age and analyzed using an image analysis software. The longitudinal marbling measurements from the ultrasound images and carcasses were fitted into a nonlinear logistic curve. Data used for the analysis consisted of 749 steers that converged in nonlinear curve fitting and showed reasonable estimated parameters of the logistic curves. The average predicted mature beef marbling score (BMS) and maturation rate were 6.26 and 0.353, respectively, and the average maturity levels at 24 months of age were 83.9%. The heritability estimates for the predicted maturity traits were moderate, indicating that these traits may have potential for genetic improvement. There was a negative relationship between the expected progeny differences between carcass BMS and maturity traits, suggesting that genetic improvement by carcass BMS may lead to the selection of bulls with late maturity for marbling. The results indicate that ultrasound and model building for marbling can be useful tools to correctly select candidate bulls with high marbling in the early fattening period.  相似文献   

Free and bound volatile composition and characterization of some glucoconjugates as aroma precursors in melón de olor fruit pulp (Sicana odorifera)     

Parada F  Duque C  Fujimoto Y 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(12):6200-6204

Free and glycosidically bound volatiles obtained from the fruit pulp of Sicana odorifera by liquid-liquid extraction and by chromatography, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with Rohapect D5L, respectively, were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (HRGC), HRGC-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS), and HRGC-Olfatometry (HRGC-O) analyses. A total of 37 free volatiles was detected, with the major components being 3-methyl-2-butanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate, and (Z)-3-hexenol. Among the 22 detected glycosidically bound compounds, 4-hydroxybenzyl methyl ether, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, and 2-phenylethanol were found to be the major constituents. Additionally, two glucoconjugates were isolated in pure form by multilayer coil countercurrent chromatography (MLCCC) of the glycosidic extrac and further purification. Their structures were elucidated by MS and NMR analyses to be the novel [4-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)benzyl] 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate 2, and the known 4-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)benzyl alcohol 1. Compounds 1 and 2 are precursors of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, one of the major volatiles generated by enzymatic hydrolysis of the glycosidic fraction.  相似文献   

Continual pH lowering and manganese dioxide solubilization in the rhizosphere of the Mn-hyperaccumulator plant Chengiopanax sciadophylloides     

Takafumi MIZUNO  Kenji HIRANO  Atsuko HOSONO  Shinta KATO  Hitoshi OBATA 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2006,52(6):726-733

  相似文献   

Determination of trace elements in otoliths of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta by laser ablation-ICP-mass spectrometry   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Takaomi Arai  Takafumi Hirata 《Fisheries Science》2006,72(5):977-984

Trace element levels in the otoliths of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta were examined by means of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). A close linear relationship in the Sr/Ca ratios between X-ray analysis with an electron microprobe (EPMA) and LA-ICPMS analysis was found, suggesting that the latter technique could be used to distinguish the marine and freshwater life phases. Mg, Zn, Ba and Sr concentrations of the otoliths differed between the freshwater and seawater growth zones. Mg and Zn concentrations in the freshwater growth zone were significantly higher than those in the seawater growth zone, while Sr and Ba concentration s in the former were significantly lower than in the latter. The relationship between Sr concentration and Mg, Zn, and Ba concentrations at each ablation showed significant correlations. These results suggest that trace element compositions may reflect differences between freshwater and seawater environmental conditions.  相似文献   

Involvement of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Thyroxine Release in Three different forms of Teleost Fish: Barfin Founder, Masu Salmon and Goldfish     

H. Chiba  M. Amano  H. Yamada  Y. Fujimoto  D. Ojima  K. Okuzawa  T. Yamanome  K. Yamamori  M. Iwata 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2004,30(3-4):267-273

Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on thyroxine (T₄) release in vivo and in vitro were studied in barfin flounder Verasper moseri, masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and goldfish Carassius auratus. Seabream GnRH (sbGnRH) at a dose of 200 ng/50 g body weight (BW) significantly increased plasma T₄ levels 1 h after the in vivo injection in the barfin flounder, but thereafter the levels normalized. Salmon GnRH (sGnRH) significantly increased plasma T₄ levels l h after the injection with a significant return to initial levels in male masu salmon and male goldfish. In contrast, sGnRH and cGnRH-II in barfin flounder, and cGnRH-II in male masu salmon and male goldfish were not effective in stimulating T₄ release. To clarify direct involvement of GnRH in T₄ release, dissected lower jaw including scattered thyroid follicles was incubated with sbGnRH (1 μg/well) in barfin flounder, and with two doses (0.1 and 1 μg/well) of sGnRH in masu salmon and goldfish in vitro. T₄ concentrations of control were stable during 24 h. Incubation of lower jaw with high dose (1 μg/well) of GnRH significantly (P<0.05) increased T₄ concentrations of incubation medium at 1 h in all experimental fishes. These results indicate that direct stimulation of T₄ secretion by GnRH occurs widely in teleost fish.  相似文献   

Difference in mass concentration of airborne dust during circular sawing of five wood-based materials     

Kiyohiko Fujimoto  Tsutomu Takano  Shogo Okumura 《Journal of Wood Science》2011,57(2):149-154

The object of this study was to compare the mass concentration of airborne dust during circular sawing of five wood-based materials: solid sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) lumber, tropical hardwood plywood, softwood plywood, particleboard, and medium-density fiberboard. Specimens were sawn at a constant feed per tooth (0.05 mm) using two saw speeds. The mass concentration of airborne dust of diameter 7.07 μm or less (respirable dust) was measured with a light-scattering dust monitor. The mass concentration showed a log-normal distribution, and the geometric means of mass concentration at saw speeds of 2000 and 3000 rpm were 2.33 and 2.89 mg/m³ for tropical hardwood plywood, 1.13 and 2.84 mg/m³ for particleboard, 0.91 and 2.28 mg/m³ for medium-density fiberboard, 1.09 and 1.38 mg/m³ for softwood plywood, and 0.32 and 0.66 mg/m³ for sugi lumber. The mass concentration for all five wood-based materials increased with the revolution speed of the circular saw.  相似文献   

Identification of antioxidative flavonols and anthocyanins in Sicana odorifera fruit peel     

Jaramillo K  Dawid C  Hofmann T  Fujimoto Y  Osorio C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(3):975-983

Ten flavonols and three anthocyanins were identified in the fruit peel of melo?n de olor (Sicana odorifera), and their structures were established by spectrometric and spectroscopic (ESI-MS and NMR) techniques. One of the identified flavonols, quercetin 3-O-(6'-O-malonyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, has not been reported before in the plant kingdom. Although quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside had been reported before in literature and structure elucidation was done by comparison of NMR data with published data, to the best of our knowledge complete 1D and 2D NMR data have not been not delineated so far. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of pure compounds was measured by ABTS assay. It was established that quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-(6'-malonyl)-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside contribute significantly to the antioxidant activity exhibited by the fruit peel methanolic extract.  相似文献